We have an intranet web application that requires SSL client authentication to access. Once the certificates have been imported, desktop IE 10 works great for accessing this application. However, Metro/Modern style IE 10 does not work. It prompts the user to choose/accept their certificate, but after clicking OK, the only error message is "This page can't be displayed" followed by the usual less-than-helpful debugging tips.

The certificates in question have been tested across all other major browsers and platforms. Is there any additional configuration required to make this work from the Metro-style interface, or is this perhaps a known issue?

I think it is by design. Please try to add the site into Local Intranet for a test.