Hi,
To view the disks in Disk management, System will call the related dll files as below:
mmcndmgr.dll
mfc42u.dll
dmdskmgr.dll
dmdlgs.dll
winbrand.dll
dmview.ocx
comctl32.dll
vds_ps.dll
dmvdsitf.dll
dmdskres2.dll.mui
Brandon is right, please try to run SFC to scan the system files and any error message, please post back the CBS log for further research.
Also, I suggest you run the process monitor tool to collect the PML log file by following these steps and I will help you check in detail:
- Download the Process monitor:
http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb896645.aspx
- Run it and then open Disk manager.
- Save the log file in Process monitor and make sure you save all events:

Please upload them to a file sharing service like Skydrive or "Rapidshare" and put a link to them in your reply.
How to use Process Monitor, please refer to this article:
Using Process Monitor to capture system events
http://www.sophos.com/en-us/support/knowledgebase/119038.aspx
Look forward to your response.