No error is thrown, but the data is not actually exported.  What did I miss or type incorrectly?  I am a complete beginner here, so sorry if this is something easys.

Function Execute-SQLquery {
	$Date = Get-Date -f 'MM.dd.yy'
	$MainPath = "C:\ReadyToPrint"
	$filename = "C:\TestBook\CSVTest.csv"
	$server = "RoyGBiv"
	$database = "Sparkler"
	$SelectQuery = "Select employeefirstname, employeelastname, employeeaddress, employeephone from employees"
	$connectionTemplate = "Data Source={0};Integrated Security=SSPI;Initial Catalog={1};"
	$connectionString = [string]::Format($connectionTemplate, $server, $database)
	$connection=New-Object System.Data.SqlClient.SqlConnection($connectionString)
	
	$cmd=$connection.CreateCommand()
	$cmd.CommandText = $SelectQuery	
	
	$SqlAdapter = New-Object System.Data.SqlClient.SqlDataAdapter($cmd)
	$dataset = New-Object System.Data.DataTable
	$rowCount=$SqlAdapter.Fill($dataset)
	
    if ($rowCount -gt 0)
    {
		if(!(Test-Path -path "$MainPath\$Date\"))
		{
			New-Item "$MainPath\$Date\" -type directory
		}	
		$dataset.Tables[0] | Export-Csv $filename -encoding "unicode"
    } 
	$connection.Close()
}

First troubleshooting step - are you actually getting any data from your query?

If you have no idea what any of this is doing, then you really should start from the beginning:

http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/scriptcenter/dd742419.aspx

Yes, I have verified that my dataset is populating.

Okay, then I'd put in some trace statements to verify that you're actually getting into your if statements.

This is one of those few times that Write-Host usage is very appropriate.

Change this:

$SqlAdapter=New-Object System.Data.SqlClient.SqlDataAdapter($cmd)
$dt=New-Object System.Data.DataTable
if($SqlAdapter.Fill($dt)){
    $dt| Export-Csv $filename -encoding "unicode"
} 
$connection.Close()

You are addressing a dataset when you have created a single "datatable".