>> Spatial Data
First... as Patrick notice, I mad a mistake reading your question, I talked about "Special features" in general and not "Spatial data" in particular, but since Spatial are
features, my response was relevant :-)
Secondly, Spatial Data is supported by SQL Server EXPRESS and you do not need a paid version to start learning this feature (the image that I attach is from SQL Server EXPRESS 2008r2). This is not a unique
feature exactly but more of a unique types, as I see it. But in order to learn all SQL Server features, you probably need the dev edition as others mentioned.
>> I am still lost in finding the basic computer software programs to get the Spatial Data Features started.
The SSMS (not the SQL Server) has a nice basic GUI to show Spatial Data. As Erland mentioned just try to execute query and you will see in the result another Tab named "Spatial results" as you can see in this image:
Please check this tutorial. It looks very useful and easy to use. Actually I think it is the best tutorial I have seen so far regarding Spatial Data. I just found it right now in Google, and
I did not read it all but just in glance: http://jasonfollas.com/blog/archive/2008/03/14/sql-server-2008-spatial-data-part-1.aspx
>> I checked the folder of Microsoft SQL Server 2012 in my PC that is connected to the Window 7 Network System and I saw the following items:
1. I recommend not to check what installed like this. Next time you can use the SQL Server Configuration Manager for example or the installation manager. The reason is that you found files but theoretically you did not make sure that it is correctly installed.
Moreover, people might installed something in different place.
2. These are not relevant to learning Spatial Data :-)
> - Download Microsoft SQL Server Compact
This is a different edition of SQL Server, which does not fits to learn about SQL Server. This application is
embedded database. This mean that you can add it (embedded it) into your application. When we develops small applications (games for example) that need database but do not need a
server, we embedded database in the application (SQL Server Compact is Microsoft version, and I like to use SQLite as well). For more information you can read this: http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=17876
>> - Import & Export Data
as the name say :-)
This is SSIS probably:
SQL Server Integration Services
>> - SQL Server Data Tools
You can read more here.
>> - SQL Server 2012 Management Studio
This is not the SQL Server, but a tool which come with the SQL Server. It can be download together as one file or separately... for example on your laptop you can installed SSMS without SQL Server... Then you can use the SSMS to connect servers, which are
on different machines. We use it in order to connect the SQL Server. SQL Server does not have any GUI. So how can we execute queries?!? You can use your own application to connect the server, or you can use Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio, which
is what all DBAs use.
* you can see if SQL Server is installed and what is the Instance name using the services list:
run --> services.msc
search service named "SQL Server". In the Brackets you can see the instance name.
>> I clicked on the SQL Server Data Tools and I got Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 Shell that had SSIS Toolbox. Is this SQL Server Data Tools/Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 Shell right place plus SSMS2012 for
me to do/launch the Spatial Data Features tasks?
No :-)
This is not relevant to Spatial Data
Spatial Data are basically just types of data, like we have XML, we have Geometry and Geography types, which are Spatial Data. Read the tutorial that I linked above! It is very good to understand everything.
You do not need any unique application in order to work with Spatial Data. You can use the same application that you execute other queries. As mentioned above SSMS include nice GUI to show the Spatial Data virtually.
I hope this give you all that you need :-)
Check the tutorial for more inform