Also, if an attempt is made to open the email at the exchange server level, the email won't open.
By "at the exchange server level", do you mean the emails can't be opened from OWA?
Please close Outlook and then try sending a test email (which has a .pdf attachment) to yourself. After that, try receiving and opening the email directly from within OWA to see the result. If the email still can't be opened, it means it's an Exchange server side issue. In this case, I'd recommend you post a new question in the Exchange forum for further assistance:
https://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/office/en-US/home?category=exchangeserver
If the problem can't be reproduced when receiving directly using OWA, please try contacting the McAfee support and disable the integration with Outlook, and then test the issue again.
If still no luck, we can try temporarily uninstalling kb2956128 update to verify if it's the root cause.
Please let me know the result.
Regards,
Steve Fan
TechNet Community Support